Pyometra in Dogs: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Did you know that pyometra is one of the most common veterinary emergencies in unspayed dogs? It's a serious uterine infection that can be life-threatening if not detected and treated early. Although it usually occurs in adult dogs, it's important to recognize its signs early. In this blog, Waggy's explains what pyometra is, its causes, symptoms, and what to do if you suspect your dog has it.

What is pyometra in dogs?

Pyometra is a uterine infection that occurs in unspayed female dogs, usually after heat. It occurs when the uterus fills with pus due to a hormonal imbalance that promotes bacterial growth. It is a potentially fatal condition if not treated promptly.

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Types of pyometra in dogs

Depending on whether the cervix is ​​open or closed, there are two types of pyometra:

• Open pyometra: The cervix is ​​open and allows discharge. It is usually easier to detect, as vaginal discharge with an unusual color and odor is observed.

• Closed pyometra: The cervix is ​​closed, preventing the discharge of pus. This type is more dangerous, as the infection remains contained within the uterus and the signs may be harder to identify at first, but they tend to progress rapidly if left untreated.

Causes and risk factors

Pyometra doesn't occur spontaneously; it's usually related to hormonal changes and exposure to bacteria. Common factors include:

- Hormonal changes after heat: During the estrous cycle, progesterone levels increase, which can thicken the uterine lining and reduce its defense capacity. This creates an environment conducive to bacterial growth.

- Age and reproductive status: Most cases occur in adult or older female dogs that have not been spayed. The more heat cycles they have had, the greater the cumulative risk.

- Use of synthetic hormones: In some cases, the use of hormonal treatments (such as birth control pills for dogs) may increase the risk of developing pyometra. These products should only be used under veterinary supervision.

- Previous infections or individual predisposition: Some dogs may have a greater predisposition due to previous uterine infections or their genetic history.

How do I know if my dog ​​has pyometra?

Symptoms can vary, but there are signs that may indicate the presence of pyometra:

• Vaginal discharge: In cases of open pyometra, a foul-smelling purulent discharge may be observed coming from the vulva. If there is no visible discharge, pyometra cannot be ruled out; it could be the closed type.

• Lethargy and loss of appetite: Loss of energy, withdrawal, or disinterest in food may be early signs of systemic infection.

• Vomiting, fever, or increased thirst: These signs can be confused with other conditions, but together they could indicate an advanced infection.

• Swollen or painful abdomen: In closed pyometra, the accumulation of pus may cause abdominal distension or tenderness.

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Diagnosis

The diagnosis of pyometra should always be made by a veterinarian. To confirm the condition, the following may be used:

• Physical examination and review of medical history.

• Abdominal ultrasound, which allows visualization of an enlarged or contained uterus.

• Blood tests to detect signs of infection such as leukocytosis or liver/kidney disorders.

• X-rays in some cases, although ultrasound is more accurate for this condition.

How do you know if pyometra is advanced?

An advanced pyometra may show more marked systemic signs:

• Persistent fever.

• Dehydration.

• Frequent vomiting or diarrhea.

• Increased urinary frequency.

• Shock or collapse (in severe cases).

If you notice any of these signs, it's essential to see a veterinarian immediately. The progression can be rapid, especially in closed pyometra.

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the type of pyometra, its severity, and the dog's general condition.

• Surgery (ovariohysterectomy): This is the most common and effective treatment. It involves removing the uterus and ovaries. In most cases, emergency surgery is necessary to avoid complications.

• Medical treatment (only in selected cases): In some very specific situations, medical treatment with antibiotics and hormones can be attempted, but it is not always successful and is usually reserved for valuable bitches in breeding programs. The risk-benefit ratio should always be assessed.

• Postoperative care: Follow-up after surgery includes rest, pain control, antibiotics, and monitoring for signs of complications.

What happens if pyometra is not operated on?

Pyometra is a potentially life-threatening condition. If left untreated, the infection can progress rapidly, causing:

• Sepsis (widespread infection): The bacteria can enter the bloodstream and affect vital organs.

• Peritonitis: In closed pyometra, the uterus may rupture, releasing pus into the abdomen.

• Multiple organ failure: As the body fights the infection, damage to the kidneys, liver, and heart may occur.

Without treatment, the prognosis is very poor. In many cases, the condition progresses rapidly and can become critical within a few days if left untreated.

How long can a dog live with pyometra?

The length of time a dog can live with untreated pyometra depends on several factors, such as the type (open or closed), age, general condition, and progression of the infection. However, in severe cases, the condition can worsen within 24 to 72 hours. With closed pyometra, the risk of uterine rupture is high, which accelerates the outcome if left untreated.

Post-surgery care

• Attend all postoperative appointments.

• Follow the antibiotic or analgesic treatment prescribed by your veterinarian.

• Avoid jumping, rough play, or long walks for at least 10-14 days.

• Keep it in a comfortable, clean, and quiet space.

• Check the area daily for redness, swelling, or drainage.

• Use an Elizabethan collar if he tries to lick or scratch the wound.

• Some guardians consider including supplements to support the immune system or aid recovery, but it's essential to consult with your veterinarian before adding any new product.

How to avoid canine pyometra?

The best way to avoid pyometra is proactive prevention, especially in non-breeding females.

• Early sterilization: Preventive ovariohysterectomy is the only proven way to prevent pyometra. It also helps reduce the risk of breast tumors and other hormonal disorders.

• Heat Monitoring: If your dog is not spayed, carefully observe each heat:

• Check their behavior and secretions.

• Avoid unwanted pregnancies.

• Maintain regular veterinary follow-up.

• Regular veterinary checkups: An annual checkup can detect early signs of hormonal imbalances or uterine infections. If your dog is older than 6 years and not spayed, this monitoring becomes even more important.

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Conclusion

Pyometra in dogs is a serious condition, but it can be prevented and successfully treated if detected early. Paying attention to your dog's physical and behavioral changes, as well as maintaining good communication with your veterinarian, can make a big difference to her well-being.
If your dog isn't spayed and is showing symptoms such as weakness, vaginal discharge, or fever, don't let it go. Prompt care saves lives.